Taylorism Paper Essay Example for Free

Taylorism Paper Essay The American Frederick W. Taylor (1856â€1915) spearheaded the logical administration way to deal with work association, henceforth the term Taylorism. Taylor built up his thoughts on work association while functioning as director at the Midvale Steel Company in Pennsylvania, USA. Taylorism speaks to both a lot of the executives rehearses and an arrangement of ideological presumptions. The self-sufficiency (opportunity from control) of specialty laborers was possibly a danger to administrative control. For the art specialist, the activity of power over work rehearses was firmly connected to his character, as this portrayal of ‘craft pride’, taken from the exchange diary Machinery 1915, recommends: As a first-line administrator, Taylor as anyone might expect saw the situation of gifted shop-floor laborers in an unexpected way. He was shocked by what he viewed as wasteful working practices and the propensity of his subordinates not to place in a full day’s work, what Taylor called ‘natural soldiering’. He accepted that laborers who accomplished manual work were persuaded exclusively by cash †the picture of the ‘greedy robot’ †and were too inept to even consider developing the most productive method of playing out an errand †the ‘one best way’. The job of the executives was to examine ‘scientifically’ all the assignments to be embraced, and afterward to configuration employments to take out time and movement squander. Taylor’s way to deal with work association and business relations depended on the accompanying five standards: †¢maximum work fracture †¢separate arranging and doing †¢separate ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ work †¢a minimization of aptitude necessities †¢a minimization of taking care of segment parts and material. The highlight of logical administration is the division of assignments into their most straightforward constituent components †‘routinization of work’ (the main rule). Most manual laborers were seen as evil and idiotic, and thusly all dynamic capacities must be expelled from their hands (the subsequent guideline). All prepa-apportion and overhauling errands ought to be detracted from the gifted specialist (direct work), and, drawing on Charles Babbage’s standard, performed by incompetent and less expensive work (aberrant work, in the third guideline). Limiting the expertise prerequisites to play out an assignment would diminish the worker’s power over work exercises or the work procedure (the fourth rule). At last, the executives ought to guarantee that the design of the machines on the industrial facility floor limited the development of individuals and materials to abbreviate the time taken (the fifth principle).While the rationale of work discontinuity and routinization is straightforward and convincing, the standards of Taylorism mirror the class hostility that is found in business relations. When Taylor’s standards were applied to work association, they prompted the escalation of work: to ‘speeding up’, ‘deskilling’ and new methods to control laborers, as appeared in Figure 3.2. Also, since sex, as we have dis-cussed, is both an arrangement of characterization and a structure of intensity relations, it ought not amaze us that Taylorism added to the move in the sex organization of building firms. As a great many men were selected into the military for the First World War (1914â€18), work discontinuity and the creation of normalized things, for example, rifles, weapons and weapons empowered ladies ‘dilutees’ to be utilized in what had recently been gifted employments saved only for men. A few essayists contend that Taylorism was a moderately brief marvel, which kicked the bucket in the financial downturn of the 1930s. In any case, others have contended that this view thinks little of the spread and impact of Taylor’s standards: ‘the mainstream thought that Taylorism has been â€Å"superseded† by later schools of â€Å"human relations†, that it â€Å"failed† †¦ speaks to a woeful misreading of the genuine elements of the improvement of management’. Correspondingly, others have presented an enticing defense that, ‘In general the immediate and circuitous impact of Taylorism on industrial facility occupations has been broad, so that in Britain work structure and innovation configuration have become saturated with neo-Taylorism’ (ref. 10, p. 73).

Comprehensive Technical Analysis Project Research Paper

Far reaching Technical Analysis Project - Research Paper Example Its incomes were developing constantly, this is on the grounds that its essence in Europe and Africa. The organization in the 1990’s began broadening its scope of vehicles and opened up assembling ventures in numerous pieces of the world. This supported their deals in the nations where they were fabricating the vehicles. Toyota by 2010 was as yet the engine organization to beat as far as deals; it had sold more than 8,557,351 units which speaks to a 11.0% piece of the overall industry. So as to quantify if an organization is beneficial it must be contrasted and its rival, Toyota deals from just car tasks concerning the monetary year of April through September the initial a half year added up to around 8,863.6 billion yen, this means $104 billion dollars at a conversion scale of 85 yen to the dollar. Seeing General engines, the incomes during the two quarters is around $67.2 billion. In this way, Toyota auto tasks found the middle value of about 12% of all deals done in the engine business in the financial year of 2009 to 2010. Toyota auto tasks are over half bigger than all GM deals. At the point when Toyota and General Motors are contrasted with the engine business, they rank route higher than different organizations in the business, this is as far as the piece of the overall industry and the productivity, the organizations have a past filled with their benefits hurrying to billions of dollars and their advantages size running into many billions. They are two of the biggest engine organizations on the planet and they are in visit rivalry. The nearest organization that approaches the two is the German organization Volkswagen, in any case, it earns lesser than the two super organizations. Coming up next is an examination of the business. Toyota 8,557,351 GM 8,476,192 Volkswagen 7,341,065 Hyundai Motor 5,764,918. Toyota rising has been credited to the regularly improving benefits and this development contrasted and the deals is unavoidable. To evaluate the relativity of the

Pre-Historic Art and Egyptian Art

There were numerous contrasts between Pre-noteworthy craftsmanship and Egyptian workmanship . One being that pre-memorable craftsmanship was before recorded history. Which generally began around 40,000 BC as to were composed was around 3,500 BC. Additionally numerous pre-notable figures which they date to be around 40,000 BC had three fundamental perspectives to it Found ,Portable ,Magical . A prime case of this would be the Venus of Willendorf which was dated around 25,00-21,00 BC. This figure shows the obvious huge size of the bosoms and midsection ,which can be deciphered as a ripeness image. The figure has no obvious face also which could imply that it was general in the sense, that it could be any female not only a specific one. There were likewise numerous caverns that were found with various kinds of works of art in them known as cavern canvases. Around 30,000 BC. One of the primary cavern artistic creations discovered was in 1911. A portion of the Egyptian craftsmanship was, for example, the palette of narmer around 3100 BC. The Narmer Palette is a level plate of schist of around 64 centimeters in stature. Its size, and adornment give us that it was a stylized palette, as opposed to a genuine palette for day by day us. Things like the Egyptian tombs or mastaba’s were made to flawlessness with detail and much of the time made out of gold. Pyramids themselves were mysterious show-stoppers, for example, the pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx. Egyptain figures were increasingly itemized and never unsupported consistently and a level back piece to it to shield it from falling or adjusting the weight.

The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State

The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State The United States of America is the third-biggest nation on the planet dependent on populace and land territory. It has an all out territory of 3,794,100 square miles partitioned into 50 states. The geography of the states fluctuates from the level, low-lying regions of Florida to the rough rugged western states like Alaska and Colorado. The Highest Points In the U.S. This rundown noticed the most noteworthy point in each state:â Gold country: Mount McKinley (or Denali) at 20,320 feet (6,193 m)California: Mount Whitney at 14,495 feet (4,418 m)Colorado: Mount Elbert at 14,433 feet (4,399 m)Washington: Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet (4,392 m)Wyoming: Gannett Peak at 13,804 feet (4,207 m)Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 13,796 feet (4,205 m)Utah: Kings Peak at 13,528 feet (4,123 m)New Mexico: Wheeler Peak at 13,161 feet (4,011 m)Nevada: Boundary Peak at 13,140 feet (4,005 m)Montana: Granite Peak at 12,799 feet (3,901 m)Idaho: Borah Peak at 12,662 feet (3,859 m)Arizona: Humphreys Peak at 12,633 feet (3,850 m)Oregon: Mount Hood at 11,239 feet (3,425 m)Texas: Guadalupe Peak at 8,749 feet (2,667 m)South Dakota: Harney Peak at 7,242 feet (2,207 m)North Carolina: Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)Tennessee: Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m)New Hampshire: Mount Washington at 6,288 feet (1,916 m)Virginia: Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m)Nebraska: Panorama Point at 5,426 feet (1,654 m)New York: Mount Marcy at 5,344 feet ( 1,628 m) Maine: Katahdin at 5,268 feet (1,605 m)Oklahoma: Black Mesa at 4,973 feet (1,515 m)West Virginia: Spruce Knob at 4,861 feet (1,481 m)Georgia: Brasstown Bald at 4,783 feet (1,458 m)Vermont: Mount Mansfield at 4,393 feet (1,339 m)Kentucky: Black Mountain at 4,139 feet (1,261 m)Kansas: Mount Sunflower at 4,039 feet (1,231 m)South Carolina: Sassafras Mountain at 3,554 feet (1,083 m)North Dakota: White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,068 m)Massachusetts: Mount Greylock at 3,488 feet (1,063 m)Maryland: Backbone Mountain at 3,360 feet (1,024 m)Pennsylvania: Mount Davis at 3,213 feet (979 m)Arkansas: Magazine Mountain at 2,753 feet (839 m)Alabama: Cheaha Mountain at 2,405 feet (733 m)Connecticut: Mount Frissell at 2,372 feet (723 m)Minnesota: Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m)Michigan: Mount Arvon at 1,978 feet (603 m)Wisconsin: Timms Hill at 1,951 feet (594 m)New Jersey: High Point at 1,803 feet (549 m)Missouri: Taum Sauk Mountain at 1,772 feet (540 m)Iowa: Hawkeye Point at 1,670 feet (509 m)Ohio: Campbell Hill at 1,549 feet (472 m) Indiana: Hoosier Hill at 1,257 feet (383 m)Illinois: Charles Mound at 1,235 feet (376 m)Rhode Island: Jerimoth Hill at 812 feet (247 m)Mississippi: Woodall Mountain at 806 feet (245 m)Louisiana: Driskill Mountain at 535 feet (163 m)Delaware: Ebright Azimuth at 442 feet (135 m)Florida: Britton Hill at 345 feet (105 m)

Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder Schizophrenia Literature review

Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder Schizophrenia Literature review Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder Schizophrenia â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder â€" Schizophrenia”   is an affecting version of a literature review on psychology. There are various disorders that can lead to problems in mental health such as is Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects emotion, the person’ s thinking and perception and his/her own behavior such that it will have an impact on the individual, family, and society. People with schizophrenia often have a different perception and lose contact with reality. The schizophrenia disorder usually appears in early adulthood, but it can appear later. It rarely affects young children and early teens (Van Kapu, 2009; Mason Miller, 2011). Finding the schizophrenia genes has proven to be elusive (Mason Miller, 2011). Two theories have been used to find the gene for schizophrenia: one of them which is based on hypothesis uses neurobiology phenotypes and the other one free from hypothesis uses clinical diagnosis as phenotypes i n its analysis. Due to the complexity of the condition, it is more proper to use both biological and clinical phenotypes to explain the complexity of schizophrenia. Inclusive use of intermediate phenotypes would be adopted to provide information about schizophrenia genetics. There are different implications for the current study of schizophrenia. First, the biological aspect of schizophrenia can provide better knowledge and utilization of therapy techniques and principles in understanding and treatment of this condition. The identification of various factors in schizophrenia etiology is used by clinicians in its management. Secondly, the understanding of how particular brain systems contribute to schizophrenia symptoms will result in innovative cognitive treatment intervention. The gap between psychology and biological practitioners and researchers can also be bridged through better communication by sharing information, concepts, and principles. In addition, analysis of various as pects of the condition, which include social, psychological, neurological issues and others, may result in a better understanding of the complexity of the illness. The origin of schizophrenia has been debated over the years, with different causes being suggested and modified or rejected. Several studies suggest that the contributing factors to the disorder include genetics, environment, social and psychological factors, gestation and prenatal development. There are five major types of schizophrenia that have been identified. They include: disorganized, paranoid, residual, catatonic and undifferentiated (Tsuang, 2011). Recent research into the occurrence and development of the disorder is neurodevelopmentally based, which is based on the assumption that the disorder is a syndrome (Davi, 2002; Lashley, 2005; Berntson, Cacioppo, 2009). However, its diagnosis is based on symptoms because neural correlation does not provide significant identification techniques. This makes the research into the causes of schizophrenia highly fragmented (Berntson, Cacioppo, 2009). Most researchers believe that schizophrenia results from a combination of genes (which can be inherited or acquired and makes the brain to be vulnerable) and the environment (Keshavan, 2008). However, there is no gene that causes the disorder which has been identified. Most researchers are based on how stress and vulnerability interact to develop and maintain the disorder. The disorder can develop at any age, most occurrence happens at or after teenage, with more prevalence of men than women (Halter, 2014).

Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder Schizophrenia Literature review

Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder Schizophrenia Literature review Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder Schizophrenia â€" Literature review Example > The paper “ Biological Contributors of Mental Disorder â€" Schizophrenia”   is an affecting version of a literature review on psychology. There are various disorders that can lead to problems in mental health such as is Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects emotion, the person’ s thinking and perception and his/her own behavior such that it will have an impact on the individual, family, and society. People with schizophrenia often have a different perception and lose contact with reality. The schizophrenia disorder usually appears in early adulthood, but it can appear later. It rarely affects young children and early teens (Van Kapu, 2009; Mason Miller, 2011). Finding the schizophrenia genes has proven to be elusive (Mason Miller, 2011). Two theories have been used to find the gene for schizophrenia: one of them which is based on hypothesis uses neurobiology phenotypes and the other one free from hypothesis uses clinical diagnosis as phenotypes i n its analysis. Due to the complexity of the condition, it is more proper to use both biological and clinical phenotypes to explain the complexity of schizophrenia. Inclusive use of intermediate phenotypes would be adopted to provide information about schizophrenia genetics. There are different implications for the current study of schizophrenia. First, the biological aspect of schizophrenia can provide better knowledge and utilization of therapy techniques and principles in understanding and treatment of this condition. The identification of various factors in schizophrenia etiology is used by clinicians in its management. Secondly, the understanding of how particular brain systems contribute to schizophrenia symptoms will result in innovative cognitive treatment intervention. The gap between psychology and biological practitioners and researchers can also be bridged through better communication by sharing information, concepts, and principles. In addition, analysis of various as pects of the condition, which include social, psychological, neurological issues and others, may result in a better understanding of the complexity of the illness. The origin of schizophrenia has been debated over the years, with different causes being suggested and modified or rejected. Several studies suggest that the contributing factors to the disorder include genetics, environment, social and psychological factors, gestation and prenatal development. There are five major types of schizophrenia that have been identified. They include: disorganized, paranoid, residual, catatonic and undifferentiated (Tsuang, 2011). Recent research into the occurrence and development of the disorder is neurodevelopmentally based, which is based on the assumption that the disorder is a syndrome (Davi, 2002; Lashley, 2005; Berntson, Cacioppo, 2009). However, its diagnosis is based on symptoms because neural correlation does not provide significant identification techniques. This makes the research into the causes of schizophrenia highly fragmented (Berntson, Cacioppo, 2009). Most researchers believe that schizophrenia results from a combination of genes (which can be inherited or acquired and makes the brain to be vulnerable) and the environment (Keshavan, 2008). However, there is no gene that causes the disorder which has been identified. Most researchers are based on how stress and vulnerability interact to develop and maintain the disorder. The disorder can develop at any age, most occurrence happens at or after teenage, with more prevalence of men than women (Halter, 2014).

A research Study on the Challenges Faced in the Oil and Gas Industry - Free Essay Example

Abstract This study is aimed at using the mixed method techniques to evaluate the results and theoretical background related to the oil and gas industry usage in gearing up the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s safety and benefits. Employees are the key parties of the organizational framework. There is an utmost effort required to inherent the rules and regulations those must be supposed to be followed by the employees at organization for their personal safety as one who think for his safety would also contribute towards the safety measures of the others as a whole. Introduction Oil and gas industry has various growing and devastating aspects that can be considered in the studies but it is hard to find any study regarding the effective safety measuring tasks associated with the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction and safety. Oil and gas industry issues has been arisen in the last five years as there has been more transverse of ideologies towards social responsibility and sustainability through ethical measures adaptability. Employees have not focused on the labor laws yet before in the apart structure of unions (Boone, 2002). They have been communicated about their rights and labour rules those must be conform by each and every industry to avoid any contemporary issues. OSHA has provided with the certain rules regarding managing the labour laws and getting all the employees assured for the Health issues they are to be catered with the oil and gas industry onshore working (Gallagher, 1969). Background and Issues of Oil and Gas Industry There is a specific change in the history or background of the oil and gas industry as there had been political, technical and geological difference created and covered up in different regions of the world. There is difference in the historical background in parallel movement of the control and system development in differ eras through last 100 years of evolution (Hinkle, 1951). Oil and gas industry has various m odes of working that are varied as per the country in which the organization is working (Angle and Perry, 1981). Taxation, mode of organization, leasing, places and the mode of dealing with the governmental and external bodies are the key factors that make it differentiable from the country to country. Surveys made it clear that there is 60 percent energy needs provided by the oil and gas industry to the 7 million people in the world (Eisenberger et al., 1986). It has made it easy for people to survive for their needs along with the basis of oil and gas. Remained 40 percent is due from the nuclear, coal and hydroelectric power, renewables like solar, wind, and tidal power, and firewood type products based upon biomass. Oil and gas keep the weather warm in in the result of cold weather (Huie, 1965). For many years, there has been usage of oil and gas in our homes and industries as well. Areas of oil in shallow reservoirs, there might be a natural development of seeps of crude oil. Some of the oil reserves might be gotten from the tar ponds or seepage. Going background, there is eternal fire tales, and gas was burnt and ignited. One major example of this can be cited as the building of oracle of Delphi around one thousand B.C years ago (Jin and Jorion, 2006). Chinese researchers have developed the rules and regulations to use the natural gas for boiling water. Until 1859, it was impossible till the first well was drilled by Edwin Drake successfully, as he was working with the sole aim of discovery oil. Through modern standards, these wells were shallow. Soon there was a replacement of the motorized transport fuels by the oil (Kerr, 1989). The automobile industry was developed till the end of the 19th century and soon it changed into the oil centered industry. It was essential for gasoline engines to be used in aircrafts designing for a successful completion. There was no boom in oil industry till 1821, as after World War II, pipe rolling, welding technique s, metallurgical advances were used for reliable distant gas lines constructions that gave a boom to the natural gas usage (Hinkle, 1951). At the meantime, there were remote sites economical transfer of the natural gas in liquefied form that made an increased market share for the petrochemical industry. There is a vast product line increased by the oil and gas usage in producing and using the material, fibers, and daily life products (Lilien and Pastena, 1981). Major challenges or the recent accidents faced by the oil and gas industries in the recent years can be dividing up in the four categories, operational, market, social and security issues. Global oil and gas industry shares have been increased and decreased as per the challenges and world level political, export or trade based and human resources issues. There is long time ago investment in the oil and gas infrastructure technology and supply to meet the demand needs of the system (Reck, 1984, Galvin, 1960, Mead et al., 1982, Lowe, 1986). On one side there is continuous processing towards meeting the needs of technical lifetime and on the other hand, manipulation of the latest energy fields along with the more effective manipulation of already existing fields is demanding more sophisticated technical modes (Peach and Starbuck, 2011). Going specifically, it has been an issue in the international and local industries to more effectively manipulate the ongoing and detected fields as there has been an increased competition in the market. Exchange rates and volatility of the oil prices has also been observed in the market since last few years. Skilled workforce is also not available to the organizations as there is old and already serving employees who do not have sufficient knowledge about the technical us and implementation of the softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s as well as techniques. It is challenging to educate the people and get them trained according to the new diverging requirements. Foreign experti se are not willing to serve as there is a difference of monetary values and certain issues related to host country movement (Rajgopal, 1999). Non associated gas with limited reserves has created the deficiency to produce the gas reservoirs and meeting the demands at local and international level in order to receive the monetary level of the country. Most of the countries are supposed to be an importer of the gas as their demand is accumulative in a reckless mode, in outcome of the population growth. In this essence there is requirement of effective organizational models and strategic planning that not only consider needs for supply but also the needs for exporting energy to attain income from system based upon national welfare (Hanson, 2007). It too, consider eccentric system of energy supply like, renewable technologies of energy or measures related to energy efficiency, in effect to alternate sources of domestic energy stock. Next major challenge or the recent accidental form f or the oil and gas industry is based upon the market. There are certain rules and regulations associated with the export and import of the oil and gas industry crude and final products. Those regions whose oil and gas resources are high and huge in nature are enjoying the benefits of revenue at international level through exporting their oil and gas to other countries like GCC countries. Energy markets have no end in the demand and supply all over the world. Regional market prices of those high exporting countries depend upon the eventual outcome of total supply and demand in addition to specific risk premium (Schallenberger, 1980). Recent development s and growth strategies have put a large responsibility on the part of the countries involved in the supply and demand of the oil and gas. In case of the fast growth of the oil and gas industry would result in the transformation of the donor to the acceptor as that of United States of America case. Eventually, there has been a strik ing effect on the prices of energy reservoirs whilst going global for the surplus of oil and gas effect. There is a short and long term time span is designed for whole of the countries to tackle with the abrupt decrease in the oil and gas prices (Anonymous, 1942). It is resulted in the competitive nature of the supplier in oil and gas industry. Social accidents and security accidents faced by the oil and gas industry include the issues based upon the workers welfare. Major issues of the workers in oil and gas industries are based upon insufficient supply of the external candidates as the organizations have insufficient people available for the organization (Hanson, 1979). Compensation competiveness must be provided to the employees whereas it is absent in the oil and gas industry in some of the countries whilst the other are providing on a random development method (Cantonati and Lowe). Career opportunities are no sufficient to motivate employees for the career development and the m ost important factor that this study is aimed considering is related to working conditions and environmental issues. Thesis Statement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is the impact of personal protective equipment evaluation on productivity of employees in oil and gas industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This study is aimed at arriving relationship of being the responsible for the safety measures and labour laws to meet the needs associated with employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s motivation. Personal protective equipment can be used at the certain places of the organization but it is not mandatory nor are they in conformity with the organizational rules. All the oil and gas industry related organizations in the world wide system has been using certain rules and regulation to protect their employees along with the country level rules. Changing mode of the rules and the result of employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s issues in various organizations there is an essence of system evaluation to adhere with the employeeà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s safety measures. All the key issues and rules as discussed in the terms and conditions of the organizations are not being followed up in the teams and organizations. So, there is a need of observing and calculation of the factors those must be kept in mind whilst going for the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s safety. Protection tools and safety measures must not be bound up to the theoretical level of the organizational documentation but it is the need of the hour to train the employees and get them assured of their role in the self-protection and organizational plans execution. Self-Protection would also be helpful for the employee and the organization as there would be minimal chances related to the issues in the international and national level. Hypothesis Hypothesis is based upon the major research aims and critical questions those must be answered in this study context through mixed method usage. Hypothesis 1 H0= Usage of personal protective equipment has positive effect on productivity H1= Usage of personal protective equipment does not has positive effect on productivity Hypothesis 2 H0= Personal Protection Evaluation has positive effect on profits of the company H2= Personal Protection Evaluation does not has positive effect on productivity Hypothesis 3 H0= Evaluation of the personal protection equipment has positive effect on preventing accidents and major losses H3= Evaluation of the personal protection equipment does not has positive effect on preventing accidents and major losses Hypothesis 4 H0= Evaluation of the personal protection equipment has positive effect on Employees safety protocol H4= Evaluation of the personal protection equipment does not has positive effect on Employees safety protocol Conclusion This section has provided the fundamental rules and the background of the oil and gas industry evolution as well as challenges mainly faced by them in last few years. Next sections would enumerate the research and prolific methodologies adopted for this sort of studies. References ANGLE, H. L. PERRY, J. L. 1981. An empirical assessment of organization commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-13. ANONYMOUS 1942. Oil and Gas. Interest Created by Grant of Oil and Gas When Right to Use Surface Has Expired. The University of Chicago Law Review, 9, 345-348. BOONE, J. P. 2002. Revisiting the Reportedly Weak Value Relevance of Oil and Gas Asset Present Values: The Roles of Measurement Error, Model Misspecification, and Time-Period Idiosyncrasy. The Accounting Review, 77, 73-106. CANTONATI, M. LOWE, R. L. Lake benthic algae: toward an understanding of their ecology. Freshwater Science, 0, 000. EISENBERGER, R., FASOLO, P. DAVIS-LAMASTRO., V. 1986. Percieved Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507. GALLAGHER, J. P. 1969. Oil and Gas Potential on the North Slope. Financial Anal ysts Journal, 25, 44-56. GALVIN, C. O. 1960. The Ought and Is of Oil-and-Gas Taxation. Harvard Law Review, 73, 1441-1509. HANSON, P. 1979. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 55, 628-629. HANSON, P. 2007. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 83, 402. HINKLE, C. E. 1951. Fundamentals of Oil and Gas Law: An Outline for the General Practitioner. American Bar Association Journal, 37, 571-636. HUIE, W. O. 1965. Apportionment of Oil and Gas Royalties. Harvard Law Review, 78, 1113-1145. JIN, Y. JORION, P. 2006. Firm Value and Hedging: Evidence from U.S. Oil and Gas Producers. The Journal of Finance, 61, 893-919. KERR, R. A. 1989. Oil and Gas Estimates Plummet. Science, 245, 1330-1331. LILIEN, S. PASTENA, V. 1981. Intramethod Comparability: The Case of the Oil and Gas Industry. The Accounting Review, 56, 690-703. LOWE, J. S. 1986. Oil and Gas. Natural Resources Environment, 2, 46-72. MEAD , W. J., MURAOKA, D. D. SORENSEN, P. E. 1982. THE EFFECT OF TAXES ON THE PROFITABILITY OF U.S. OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF THE OCS RECORD. National Tax Journal, 35, 21-29. PEACH, J. STARBUCK, C. M. 2011. Oil and Gas Production and Economic Growth in New Mexico. Journal of Economic Issues, 45, 511-526. RAJGOPAL, S. 1999. Early Evidence on the Informativeness of the SECs Market Risk Disclosures: The Case of Commodity Price Risk Exposure of Oil and Gas Producers. The Accounting Review, 74, 251-280. RECK, A. J. 1984. ENERGY: THE RELATIONSHIP OF OIL AND GAS TO WORLD PEACE. International Journal on World Peace, 1, 74-83. SCHALLENBERGER, A. 1980. Review of Oil and Gas Exploitation Impacts on Grizzly Bears. Bears: Their Biology and Management, 4, 271-276.