Essay --

Introduction Although tempting, rapid weight loss that's not monitored by a doctor can have serious consequences. In addition to dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, heart problems, and developing gallstones and overtraining syndrome, the drastic measures required to lose weight fast are hard to maintain. MayoClinic.com states that fast weight loss is often gained back quick, and tends to be water weight and muscle tissue, not fat. They recommend losing no more than 2 pounds a week. (See References 1, 2 and 3) How Much, How Fast Fast weight loss at the expert-recommended rate of 2 pounds a week, requires that you accumulate a daily deficit of 1,000 calories. After one week, this adds up to 7,000 calories, and since there are 3,500 calories in 1 pound of fat, you will lose 2 pounds. This means that you can lose 10 to 15 pounds in about 5 to 7 weeks, give or take a few days. Gradual weight loss at a rate of 2 pounds a week gives you time to get used to the lifestyle changes you're making, which should pertain to diet and exercise. (See References 1) Effective Dietary Changes Reducing...

Deception Point Page 60

â€Å"Ms. Tench?† the transparent voice on the line said. â€Å"William Pickering, here. To what do I owe this honor?† Tench could hear the television in the background-NASA commentary. She could already sense in his tone that he was still reeling from the press conference. â€Å"Do you have a minute, director?† â€Å"I expected you'd be busy celebrating. Quite a night for you. Looks like NASA and the President are back in the fight.† Tench heard stark amazement in his voice, combined with a tinge of acrimony-the latter no doubt on account of the man's legendary distaste for hearing breaking news at the same time as the rest of the world. â€Å"I apologize,† Tench said, trying to build an immediate bridge, â€Å"that the White House and NASA were forced to keep you unapprised.† â€Å"You are aware,† Pickering said, â€Å"that the NRO detected NASA activity up there a couple weeks ago and ran an inquiry.† Tench frowned. He's pissed. â€Å"Yes, I know. And yet-â€Å" â€Å"NASA told us it was nothing. They said they were running some kind of extreme environment training exercises. Testing equipment, that sort of thing.† Pickering paused. â€Å"We bought the lie.† â€Å"Let's not call it a lie,† Tench said. â€Å"More of a necessary misdirection. Considering the magnitude of the discovery, I trust you understand NASA's need to keep this quiet.† â€Å"From the public, perhaps.† Pouting was not in the repertoire of men like William Pickering, and Tench sensed this was as close as he would get. â€Å"I only have a minute,† Tench said, working to retain her dominant position, â€Å"but I thought I should call and warn you.† â€Å"Warn me?† Pickering waxed wry momentarily. â€Å"Has Zach Herney decided to appoint a new, NASA-friendly NRO director?† â€Å"Of course not. The President understands your criticisms of NASA are simply issues of security, and he is working to plug those holes. I'm actually calling about one of your employees.† She paused. â€Å"Rachel Sexton. Have you heard from her this evening?† â€Å"No. I sent her to the White House this morning at the President's request. You've obviously kept her busy. She has yet to check in.† Tench was relieved to have gotten to Pickering first. She took a drag on her cigarette and spoke as calmly as possible. â€Å"I suspect you may be getting a call from Ms. Sexton sometime soon.† â€Å"Good. I've been expecting one. I've got to tell you, when the President's press conference began, I was concerned Zach Herney might have convinced Ms. Sexton to participate publicly. I'm pleased to see he resisted.† â€Å"Zach Herney is a decent person,† Tench said, â€Å"which is more than I can say for Rachel Sexton.† There was a long pause on the line. â€Å"I hope I misunderstood that.† Tench sighed heavily. â€Å"No, sir, I'm afraid you did not. I'd prefer not to talk specifics on the phone, but Rachel Sexton, it seems, has decided she wants to undermine the credibility of this NASA announcement. I have no idea why, but after she reviewed and endorsed NASA's data earlier this afternoon, she has suddenly pulled an about-face and is spouting some of the most improbable allegations imaginable of NASA treachery and fraud.† Pickering sounded intense now. â€Å"Excuse me?† â€Å"Troubling, yes. I hate to be the one to tell you this, but Ms. Sexton contacted me two minutes before the press conference and warned me to cancel the whole thing.† â€Å"On what grounds?† â€Å"Absurd ones, frankly. She said she'd found serious flaws in the data.† Pickering's long silence was more wary than Tench would have liked. â€Å"Flaws?† he finally said. â€Å"Ridiculous, really, after two full weeks of NASA experimentation and-â€Å" â€Å"I find it very hard to believe someone like Rachel Sexton would have told you to postpone the President's press conference unless she had a damn good reason.† Pickering sounded troubled. â€Å"Maybe you should have listened to her.† â€Å"Oh, please!† Tench blurted, coughing. â€Å"You saw the press conference. The meteorite data was confirmed and reconfirmed by countless specialists. Including civilians. Doesn't it seem suspicious to you that Rachel Sexton-the daughter of the only man whom this announcement hurts-is suddenly changing her tune?† â€Å"It seems suspicious, Ms. Tench, only because I happen to know that Ms. Sexton and her father are barely civil to one another. I cannot imagine why Rachel Sexton would, after years of service to the President, suddenly decide to switch camps and tell lies to support her father.† â€Å"Ambition, perhaps? I really don't know. Maybe the opportunity to be first daughter†¦ † Tench let it hang. Pickering's tone hardened instantly. â€Å"Thin ice, Ms. Tench. Very thin.† Tench scowled. What the hell did she expect? She was accusing a prominent member of Pickering's staff of treason against the President. The man was going to be defensive. â€Å"Put her on,† Pickering demanded. â€Å"I'd like to speak to Ms. Sexton myself.† â€Å"I'm afraid that's impossible,† Tench replied. â€Å"She's not at the White House.† â€Å"Where is she?† â€Å"The President sent her to Milne this morning to examine the data firsthand. She has yet to return.† Pickering sounded livid now. â€Å"I was never informed-â€Å" â€Å"I do not have time for hurt pride, director. I have simply called as a courtesy. I wanted to warn you that Rachel Sexton has decided to pursue her own agenda with respect to tonight's announcement. She will be looking for allies. If she contacts you, you would be wise to know that the White House is in possession of a video taken earlier today in which she endorsed this meteorite data in its entirety in front of the President, his cabinet, and his entire staff. If now, for whatever motives she might have, Rachel Sexton attempts to besmirch the good name of Zach Herney or of NASA, then I swear to you the White House will see to it she falls hard and far.† Tench waited a moment, to be sure her meaning had settled in. â€Å"I expect you to repay the courtesy of this call by informing me immediately if Rachel Sexton contacts you. She is attacking the President directly, and the White House intends to detain her for questioning before she does any serious damage. I will be w aiting for your call, director. That's all. Good night.† Marjorie Tench hung up, certain that William Pickering had never been talked to like that in his life. At least now he knew she was serious. On the top floor of the NRO, William Pickering stood at his window and stared into the Virginia night. The call from Marjorie Tench had been deeply troubling. He chewed at his lip as he tried to assemble the pieces in his mind. â€Å"Director?† his secretary said, knocking quietly. â€Å"You have another phone call.† â€Å"Not now,† Pickering said absently. â€Å"It's Rachel Sexton.† Pickering wheeled. Tench was apparently a fortune-teller. â€Å"Okay. Patch her through, right away.† â€Å"Actually, sir, it's an encrypted AV stream. Do you want to take it in the conference room?† An AV stream? â€Å"Where is she calling from?† The secretary told him. Pickering stared. Bewildered, he hurried down the hall toward the conference room. This was something he had to see. 70 The Charlotte's â€Å"dead room†-designed after a similar structure at Bell Laboratories-was what was formally known as an anechoic chamber. An acoustical clean room containing no parallel or reflective surfaces, it absorbed sound with 99.4 percent efficiency. Because of the acoustically conductive nature of metal and water, conversations onboard submarines were always vulnerable to interception by nearby eavesdroppers or parasitic suction mics attached to the outer hull. The dead room was, in effect, a tiny chamber inside the submarine from which absolutely no sound could escape. All conversations inside this insulated box were entirely secure.

Attitudes of Christianity and Islam Toward Merchants and...

From their origins to 1500, the attitudes of both Christian and Muslims toward trade shifted as conditions in the Christian and Islamic worlds changed. In the beginning, Christian attitudes were more negative, while Muslims tended to encourage and respect trade and merchants. Over time, Muslims became more like early Christians in that they were suspicious of traders whereas the Christians became more like the early Muslims, equating merchants (at least honest ones) with doing God’s work, reflecting the changed importance of trade in the high Middle Ages in Europe. At their origins, Christians and Muslims had different views about merchants and traders. This can be seen in the first two documents which are excerpts from the holy books of†¦show more content†¦Commerce is the increasing of capital by buying goods and attempting to sell them at a price higher than their cost. Waiting for a rise in the market price or by transporting the goods to another place where they are more keenly demanded. It is necessary to have enough initial capital to pay in cash the sellers from whom one buys goods, to sell for cash as honesty. Dishonesty leads on the one hand to fraud and the adulteration of goods and on the other to delays on payment which diminish profits because capital remains idle during the interval. (Document 5, fourteen century—Universal History.) Evasiveness, litigation and disputation, all of which are characteristics of the profession and qualities lead to a decrease and weakening in virtue which can mistaken as bias because some may say this persona to commerce makes one a human being. This shows a much more respectful view towards merchants and may reflect the fact that Muhammad, the founder of Islam was a merchant himself. Since this question is about attitudes about trade it would be more complete with documents portraying the views of more groups. For example, letters from Muslim merchants would allow us to examine that group’s view about trade. Documents from Orthodox Christians would give a more complete picture of the attitudes of Christianity. Collection records from Muslim mosques or Christian churches would allow us to compare how each benefited from merchants and so be able toShow MoreRelatedEssay on christianity verses islam665 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿DBQ Christianity VS Islam The attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade are similar yet different. Over time Christian and Islamic attitudes towards the merchants and trade have changed. The attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and traders are similar. A way that these two religions attitudes towards their merchants and trade was that they both allowed being treated better under god easier for merchants to achieve if they were honest about what their tradeRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam942 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity and Islam are two of history’s most influential and powerful religions in the post-classical and early modern era. As different regions began to communicate, products, ideas, and services were exchanged across vast distances. Civilizations became less isolated and depended on other regions to sustain stable economies. The role of the merchant increased as trade arose with other regions. Initially, Christianity despised trade, but as time progressed, merchant activity became moreRead MoreEssay on Dbq Islam and Christianity857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade from the religions origins’ origins until about 1500. Are there indications of change over time in either case, or both? What kinds of additional documents would you need to assess the consequences of these attitudes on merchant activities? During the Post-Classical Era merchants played an incredible role in shaping the course of different societies. Christianity in its origins had a negative view of merchants while Islam wasRead MoreAp World History Dbq Christianity1613 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of the world, one must always consider that merchants as well as trade have played an immerse role in shaping the world as it is today. They are responsible for many of the cross-cultural interactions that we have had in the past. Christianity and Islam, the two predominant religions of the world today, have both grown and spread through merchants and trade also. These two chief religions both have attitudes towards merchants and trade that have either developed or decreased overtime. AccordingRead MoreAp World Dbq Christian and Islam Attitude Towards Merchants Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesand Islamic attitudes towards merchants until about 1500. From a review of the 7 documents presented, it is clear that Christianity and Islam condemned inequitable trade, which led to many Christians and Muslims to look down upon merchants; however, honest business, especially as a merchant, is honored highly. In fact, the Quran compares fair merchants to martyrs which were some of the holiest people of all [D2]. However, many Christian and Muslim believers found most merchants to be dishonestRead MoreAp World Dbq: Attitudes of Christianity and Islam Toward Merchants609 Words   |  3 Pages until about 1500, the two religions began with two different opinions of merchants, but grew together as time went on. As the two religions reached the 1500’s, their view of merchants became almost identical. 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Islamic culture inherited an ArabRead MorePractices Of Securitisation Of Islam And Muslims1196 Words   |  5 PagesPART III: PRACTICES OF SECURITISATION OF ISLAM AND MUSLIMS IN THE ETHIOPIAN STATE 3.1 Introduction In the previous parts the discussions on the theoretical framework of the securitisation theory as it applies to Islam and Muslims, and the international perspectives of governmentality of Muslims as well regional categorizations as the illustrations of governmentality have presented. In the subsequent sections discussions turn to the securitisation of Islam, and governmentality of Muslims in the EthiopianRead MoreIntroduction. Islam And Medieval Christianity Have Had1229 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Islam and Medieval Christianity have had a combative attitude towards each other. Islam considers Jesus as a continuation of the line of the Prophets, while Christians consider Jesus as the Son of God who came to redeem the world from its fallen nature. These two religions are one two of the largest religions across the world and impact billions of people. Some individuals in both religions view each other as infidels and the only recourse is to remove them from the society at largeRead MoreDbq Muslims V. Christian Merchants1995 Words   |  8 PagesIn the beginning of Christianity, trade was considered sinful, while the Muslims thought trade was a lesson of appreciation and hard work. Christians had a strongly negative attitude towards the interaction between trade and merchants. Islamic people, however, had various different opinions on trade in comparison to the Christian religion. However, over time, the thoughts on trade and merchants shifted to a more negative point of view f rom both religions. The opinions from these religions were opposite

The Issues Of Male Sexuality - 2425 Words

Issues in Male Sexuality Introduction A series of themes have driven sex surveys during the twentieth century, reflecting concerns at the time and usually aimed at solving a problem of one kind or another. The relevant concerns, which have overlapped and interacted to varying degrees include concern about male masturbation, the declining birth rate, the need for good sex education to counter bad influences, the need to improve marital sex and thus improve marriage, concern that the lower social classes were having more children than the middle classes, the sexual revolution and subsequent increase in marital sex, the harmful effects of premarital sex on marriage, teenage pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases. A well†¦show more content†¦Sexuality varies as your marriage develops. Since strong sexual attraction is generally a vital bonding component early in relations, sexual variations are every so often seen unwanted. More than a few males have sensual hardships. These problems become more common when they grow old. Such problems comprise of: erectile dysfunction, reduces or lost interest in sex, problems with ejaculation, loss of libido and low testosterone (Acton, 2013). A sexual dysfunction is a sequence that inhibits the mates or rather individual from the bodily performance. It comprises of exhilaration, orgasm, period and resolve points. There are varied sorts of sexual dysfunction: erectile dysfunction withdrawn sexual needs, and ejaculation. The dysfunction has both biological and emotional sources. Bodily causes comprise of diabetes, illness of the heart, nervous desires, and hormonal disproportions, chronic ailments like kidney failure, and drunkenness or drug abuse. Psychosomatic sources on the other hand include job connected stress, nervousness, worry about sexual presentation, erectile dysfunction and withdrawn sexual craving. Erectile dysfunction is the lack of capacity to uphold an erection that is well proper for the sexual interaction. It is produced by ailments that have an effect on the flow of blood such as nerve conditions,

The Anatomy Of Religion By Anthony Wallace - 1378 Words

In his article â€Å"The Anatomy of Religion†, Anthony Wallace discussed how certain behavior can be considered as religious behavior. In this article, he named thirteen different behavior that are religious. While not all the thirteen behavior are going to be observed in every religion, but it is certain that many of them will be observed in every religion. It is also important to note that some of these behaviors are more obvious in certain religions. For example, one of the behavior is sacrifice. This behavior can be observed differently in Christianity and voodoo; in voodoo people sacrifice goats or chickens while Christians gives offerings at church. The Rastafarian movement of Jamaica is one of the youngest religion practiced; it is not even an hundred years old. For religion that is so young, it is understandable that not a lot people know what the religion is about; certain people don’t even know that it is a religion. For some people, when they hear Rastafari t hey only think about Bob Marley. Using the Wallace’s essay, the Rastafarian movement of Jamaica can be analyzed. One of the religious behavior mentioned by Wallace is the act of addressing the super natural most known in a Christian society as prayer. Just like Christians, Rastafarians also pray, they also address the supernatural. In everything they do, they say a prayer. For example before smoking ganja, it is possible that some of them say a little prayer. ButShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafarianism is an absurd religion include: 1. Rastafarianism has been around for only about seventy years. Yet in that time it has gained inexplicable fame around the world, boasting converts from all races and nationalities. 2. Adherents of the faith appear to be relatively small in number. One study suggests that less than one percent of Jamaicans describe themselves as Rastafarians. Yet the average non-Jamaican assumes that Rastafarianism is the national religion of Jamaica. 3. Rastas believeRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesAccounting Principles, 9th Edition_Jerry J. Weygandt, Paul D. Kimmel, Donald E. Kieso (TB) Accounting Research Tools and Strategies, 7th Edition_Thomas R. Weirich, Thomas C. Pearson, Natalie Tatiana Churyk (ISM) Accounting Text and Cases, 13e_Robert N. Anthony,David F. Hawkins,Kenneth A. Merchant (ISM) Accounting Tools for Business Decision Making , 5th Edition_Paul D. Kimmel, Jerry J. Weygandt, Donald E. Kieso (SM+TB) Accounting Tools for Business Decision Making, 4th Edition,Kimmel, Weygandt, KiesoRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse EmployeesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesGiertz, Parkland College; Don Hantula, St. Joseph’s University; Milton Alexander, Auburn University; James F. Cashman, University of Alabama; Douglas Wozniak, Ferris State University; Greg Bach, Bismark State College; Glenna Dod, Wesleyan College; Anthony McGann, University of Wyoming; Robert D. Nale, Coastal Carolina University; Robert H. Votaw, Amber University; Don Fagan, Daniel Webster University; Andrew J. Deile, Mercer University; Samuel Hazen, Tarleton State University; Michael B. McCormick

Principles of Valuation for Professionalism-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrinciples of Valuation for Public and Professionalism. Answer: Introduction A land is an immovable object, and for it to become productive, it requires the input of capital and labor. Determination of the value of the land, the market value, and the highest and best use is vital in the valuation process. This paper, therefore, discusses this factors and how they influence the property and land use. Steps a valuer must take when accepting a matter It is important for a valuer to determine and evaluate the value of something before getting into an agreement. Valuers should maintain high standards of integrity and honesty at all times. Their activities also should not be detrimental to their clients as well as to the public, professionalism, and their national valuation body. When accepting a matter, therefore, its crucial to follow the following steps; The valuer should first correctly identify the problem before entering into an agreement or accepting the assignment. He/she should be sure that they have the experience, skills, and knowledge to handle the assignment competently. Should then prepare a work file for the assignment. The work file should be retained even after completion of the assignment for a minimum of three years. Disclosure or a valuation report should be developed and the opinions, analyses, and conclusions communicated to the users. Should have a copy of a confirmation of the clients instructions. Should have sufficient documentation and file notes that substantiate the valuation regarding the inquiry, calculations, deductions, and objective comparison. Finally, the valuer should possess a copy of a report prepared or a copy of each valuation (Millington, 2013) and provide a well-researched, honest, and realistic market appraisal of the property. Difference between the Spencers and IVSC definition of market value From Spencers case, the market value can be defined as the estimated amount that a property should exchange on the exact date of valuation. The transaction should be between a willing seller and a willing buyer. A proper marketing should as well be involved, and the parties should act prudently, knowledgeable, and without compulsion. There is a difference between desiring to sell and willing to sell. These two should be distinguished and never be confused. Normally, it is important to determine the test of the value of land. Even in instances that there is a willing seller but no willing buyer at the moment, the property cannot be described to lose value. The IVSC definition The IVSC borrowed so much from Spencer their definition. The definition involves exchange of an asset on a particular day, without compulsion, after proper marketing, in an arms-length transaction, and both parties should be acting knowledgeably. Difference Market value according to the IVSC offers a broad definition as compared to Spencers. It includes assets in its definition which thereby covers some items apart from the land. These could include; license rights, company shares as well as the capital equipment. Spencer definition includes the concept of highest and best use of the property/land, but the IVSC does not expressly mention this concept. However, its argued the fact that the definition includes the concept of both parties acting knowledgeably, then in one way or another, they could be aware of the highest and legal use of the property in question. The Spencer definition assumes that the parties involved are not coerced either are they over-anxious, and the negotiations are amicable, but these are not stipulated in IVCS definition. The concept of market value gives individuals an opportunity to value their assets in a competitive (Parker, 2016) and open market. Inherent and external features of land Inherent features of land arise directly usually from the land in itself, and they are factors of value. It is important to put these inherent factors into consideration while performing the valuation of a land. Land area shape, as well as, size is one such factor that is very vital. For instance, if one piece of land is significantly larger than another, then it stands a better chance of rating higher and having much more worth. Even given that all other land factors are equal and remain constant, a parcel measuring 15 meters by 40 meters, for example, is of greater value compared to a piece of land measuring 10 meters by 40 meters. Pieces of land giving wider frontiers usually receive greater emphasis, particularly with project builders. Topography (steepness, creeks, rock shelves, and trees) as well plays a crucial role in determining the value of land as it contributes to the added cost of construction. Other inherent factors influencing the land value are; the soil and subsoil ( sand, clay, and rock), location/position of the land (semi-slum or sought-after area), and views such as harbor and river, sea and beach, parks and golf courses, and the landscape (Xiao et al., 2006). These features determine the value of the land significantly. External features External features typically involve those factors that are outside the land parameters. Usually, they are found in the neighborhood, nation, or state and do affect the land value. These factors include; the distance to amenities, the surrounding environment, the conditions and nature of the streets, services availability, and the access rates. The more developed the surrounding area is, the more the land will value higher. This is true for all other features. Typically, the external features are more dynamic as they keep on changing from time to time as compared to the inherent features. Highest and best use Highest and best use is a key appraisal as well as a zoning principle that is normally employed in valuing a property or a parcel of land. The value and the use of property or land are linked closely and therefore, what results in a propertys or lands present value, is its highest and best use. In turn, the net return of the greatest value is achieved for over a given period as well as for the foreseeable future given its within the applicable constrains. The term is employed in a probable, reasonable, and legal use of either an improved property/land or a vacant land which is appropriately supported, financially feasible, and physically possible and should result in highest value (Oprescu et al., 2014). The highest value for an improved land is different from a vacant land and it should, therefore, include the community development goals and contribution to the community by a specific use. Appraisers analytical skills and judgment (their opinion) has a great implication on this conc ept. It has to identify the motivations of probable purchasers putting into consideration the benefits that normally accrue to property ownership. The market value of a land is primarily established through the laws of supply and demand. Both price expectations of a buyer and a seller are crucial in determining the value of a parcel of land or any other property. Both the buyer and the seller play a vital role in the subjective concept of market value. It becomes critical, therefore, for purchasers to analyze the most profitable use of the land either in a vacant state or an improved state. It is also important to understand that the highest and best use of a land or any other property for that matter, can be as a result of a class of uses rather than for a specific use. Conclusion Valuation of a land is important in determining the annual returns. Determination of the market value as well as a significant role to play in the whole concept of the principles of land and property valuation. Its, therefore, important to understand all these variables and how they affect the highest value of the land. References Millington, A. (2013). An introduction to property valuation. Taylor Francis. Oprescu, C., Buse, L., Ganea, M. (2014). Highest and Best Use Problems in Market Value Appraisals (No. eres2014_230). European Real Estate Society (ERES). Parker, D. (2016). Market Value. International Valuation Standards: A Guide to the Valuation of Real Property Assets, 3-35. Xiao, J., Shen, Y., Ge, J., Tateishi, R., Tang, C., Liang, Y., Huang, Z. (2006). Evaluating urban expansion and land use change in Shijiazhuang, China, by using GIS and remote sensing. Landscape and urban planning, 75(1), 69-80.

Understanding of Buyers Behavior

Executive Summary The main purpose of this report is to understand the consumer buying behavior. The findings that were noted are that a consumer has diverse requirements and wishes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketers should search for relationships between their products and lifestyle group, for example for a middle-aged she would prioritize her needs to cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest need being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. And The old lady, she would prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles f rom appearing Thus, buyers with different ages have different needs and spend different amounts on necessities and non necessities. Thus, the marketer should have be able to know the target market of its product and ways in which he/ she could attract these markets e.g. the could be able to attract consumers through promotions like bonus packs to prompt the consumers to buy and perhaps buy more than they otherwise would. Introduction Consumer behavior is a rational psychological process which allows consumers to critically evaluate their purchase options with the aim of justifying the reasons behind their purchases in order to maximize their own satisfaction. Consumer behavior involves on how consumers decide whether or not to purchase a product. The consumers’ decision is usually based on consumers decision making process with respect to understanding what the consumer wants, consumption and disposition of goods and services, activities, decision-making units ( overtime) (Ko tler 2003, 12). Consumer behavior means more than just the way that a person buys tangible goods; it also includes consumers’ use of services, activities experiences, and ideas. Marketers are very concerned with the manner in which consumers buy products and services. However, marketers are also intensely interested in consumer related to using and disposing of a product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This include; acquisition – the process by which a consumer comes to own the product; usage- the process by which a consumer uses the product; and disposition – the process by which a consumer discards a product (Porter 1990, 8). The sequence of acquisition, consumption and disposition can occur over time in a dynamic order. Entire markets are designed around linking one consumer’s disposition decision to the customers’ acquisition decision s, for instance, when consumers buy used cars they are buying cars that others have disposed of and should be aware of it. Body modification Some of the image altering options reflecting the variety of behaviors by the illustration were: body art for fashion (tattooing and piercing); cultural body art as a reflection of ethnicity; myriad services of cosmetic enhancement- laser skin treatments for wrinkles and hair; Botox, collagen, cosmetic dentistry; body contouring using systems such as endermologie; eye surgery instead of using glasses; cosmetic dentistry i.e. veneers and whitening; and cosmetic surgery. Marketers have to identify its customer’s reference group so as to meet the customer demands. A referenced groups influence on particular individuals varies depending on particular products and brands therefore in some instances the influence of this group may either be significant or insignificant. Reference groups appear to influence both product and brand choice strongl y e.g. Some consumers have body parts pierced as a form of self expression, while others do it to fit into a group, still others believe that body piercing is a form of beauty or that it enhances sexual pleasure. individuals often purchase goods and services that reflect their particular age at the time of purchase. With time, consumers buy different products and services that would best suite them that time. For example where, for a female teenager she would be more concerned with her appearance be fascinated with tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery during her teenage years, but during her middle aged when she is more mature she tends to be concerned about how her appearance will influence her children, as a mature lady and responsible and respectable lady.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People tend to relate w hat they believe in and how the behave with the groups they are associated with. The groups play a very big role as they tend to introduce individuals to new practices and lifestyle, they also influence the behavior expressed by an individual while they also demand a compliance of the stipulated practices. Interview Results AGE/GROUP OPTIONS TEENAGER( 16- 24) MIDDLE AGE WOMAN(33-46) OLD LADY ( 50 AND ABOVE) Cosmetic surgery 3 10 7 Tattoo piercing 10 3 1 Eye surgery 6 7 10 Laser skin treatments 2 7 9 Cosmetic surgery i.e. whitening 8 6 5 Collagen 4 6 8 Note: Each attribution is related from 0 to 10, where 10 represent the highest level. For the teenager she was more into her appearance where the highest level was in tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery, such as whitening and the lowest being laser skin treatments since their skins have not been affected by the toxins of the cosmetics and now that she is young she will not be needing the skin laser treatments. For the middle aged, her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. The old lady, she prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles from appearing. Once a consumer is in position to earn an attractive amount of money, he/she will be attempted to buy expensive products as opposed to a consumer who is earning very little who will only buy cheap products because that is what they can afford. (Lancaster Withey 2006, 45) explain that economic situation of an individual influences on an individual’s power attitude toward spending versus saving. Society is made up people with different so cial classes. These classes mostly are defined in terms of status, wealth, living condition among other factors. the society has the upper class these are the rich who are regarded to have too much wealth at their dispose, then there are those who define as the middle class who earn average income while the low class are the poor who have very little wealth at their disposal. Depending on which class a consumer is from, it is always going to influence their being decision that why an individual from the upper class social status will always buy good in bulk because they can afford to pay for them while the low class consumer will only buy goods that will presently be of use because that’s only what they can afford (Ford 1990, 322; Waterschoot and van den Bulte 1992, 88).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis and Comparison of results Consumer behavior does not necessarily reflect the action of a single individual, a group of friends, coworkers, or an entire family may have an impact on the decision making of the individual and their attitudes towards the product. However, some decisions about whether to acquire, use, or dispose of a product are related to personal goals, safety concerns or desire to reduce economic, social or psychological risk. There are several factors that may influence buyer behavior which include; Culture Every individual is a member of a particular cultural group or society. Depending on the cultural practices of that particular society, an individual is likely to be influenced while purchasing a product or service because of the cultural practices present. Culture can be defined as the beliefs of a group of people how they behave, and their thoughts about various subjects. For example when a child is growing up, what the child learns from the parents and other individual relating to the child like teachers, friends, and family members would likely influence the child’s behavior as he/she grows up. That’s why people of different cultural societies end up purchasing goods and services because of the influence they have from their cultural background. Within the cultural factors lies sub factors which also influence buyer’s behavior. In each cultural group there is a sub division of a group of people having the same kind of behavior and share values based on one common belief. According to Anderson (1982, 14) he states that the sub cultural divisions are very important market segments as their provide markets to programs that are set up to meet their needs. Marketers are then encouraged to come up with products that best satisfy the needs of the people in a particular geographic group. Another sub factor is social class. The society is made up people with different social classes. These classes mostly are defined in terms of status, wealth, living condition among other factors. the society has the upper class these are the rich who are regarded to have too much wealth at their dispose, then there are those who define as the middle class who earn average income while the low class are the poor who have very little wealth at their disposal. Depending on which class a consumer is from, it is always going to influence their being decision that why an individual from the upper class social status will always buy good in bulk because they can afford to pay for them while the low class consumer will only buy goods that will presently be of use because that’s only what they can afford. Marketers mostly choose to design products once they are sure of the kind of social class they are targeting. Clearly classification of social classes creates a distinct position in which products and services are designed and branded from clothing, home furnishings, leisure activities and automobiles Some mark eters focus on their efforts on one social class thus products will not sale to the market as anticipated Social factors How a consumer behaves is also influenced by various social factors such as; Reference groups These are groups that have some kind of influence on a person’s attitude or behavior. The influence may be direct or indirect. For example groups formed by leaders may influence the opinion of their followers, religious leaders and church groups may influence what the congregation believes in; the artists may influence their funs and so on. People tend to relate what they believe in and how the behave with the groups they are associated with. The groups play a very big role as they tend to introduce individuals to new practices and lifestyle, they also influence the behavior expressed by an individual while they also demand a compliance of the stipulated practices. These groups put pressure on the consumer consent and influence on the choice of product and service purchase (Kotler 1999, 102). Marketers have to identify its customer’s reference group so as to meet the customer demands. A referenced groups influence on particular individuals varies depending on particular products and brands therefore in some instances the influence of this group may either be significant or insignificant. Reference groups appear to influence both product and brand choice strongly e.g. Some consumers have body parts pierced as a form of self expression, while others do it to fit into a group, still others believe that body piercing is a form of beauty or that it enhances sexual pleasure. Family Most people base their buying decision based on if it would be of use to the family members. Families are considered as one of the most important buying units within the economy and therefore of great importance to marketers. Marketers through conducting research can effectively know which role each and every member of the family plays as far as consumer behavior is concerned. That is why the marketers have to be aware of the person who has the most influence in determining product choice. If for example the woman has the most influence then marketers would use various ways to attract that market. Roles and statuses A role can be explained as a set of various activities a person is required to carry out within the society. Each role is determined by the individual’s status. Most people will choose products that communicate their role and status in the society, for instance the middle aged her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner. Koontz Weihrich (2009, 59) suggest that marketers are well aware of the role which status influences the nature of purchases conducted within the society. Personal factors A consumer judgment to buy a product can also be sub jective on individual traits. These characteristics may include: Age: Individuals often purchase goods and services that reflect their particular age at the time of purchase. With time, consumers buy different products and services that would best suite them that time. for example where, for a female teenager she would be more concerned with her appearance be fascinated with tattooing and piercing for beauty as well as cosmetic surgery during her teenage years, but during her middle aged when she is more mature she tends to be concerned about how her appearance will influence her children, as a mature lady and responsible and respectable lady. Occupation and economic circumstances An individual’s occupation or line of work also influences the nature of purchase that he/she is involved in and therefore often marketers use this fact to market various products. A teenager will buy cheap cosmetics while a middle aged lady will likely buy more expensive cosmetics. Products alterna tives are greatly influenced by the economic state of affairs that a consumer is exposed to. Once a consumer is in position to earn an attractive amount of money, he/she will be attempted to buy expensive products as opposed to a consumer who is earning very little who will only buy cheap products because that is what they can afford. (Lancaster Withey 2006, 45) explain that economic situation of an individual influences on an individual’s power attitude toward spending versus saving. Marketers usually use research data on personal income, savings and interest rates while designing products so that they can effectively segment, place and target specific consumers. When there is an economic recession hit the commercial world marketers were force to redesign products so that more affordable products could be made available to consumers. Lifestyle How a person chooses to live is defined as lifestyle. An Individuals living lifestyle is articulated in the various activities, inte rest and opinions that surround his/her daily livelihood. Marketers look at what relationship their product has to a person lifestyle. For example, cosmetic manufactures produce products that are beauty oriented. The marketer target individuals who are cautious about their image and thus his goal are to design a brand that is a direct reflection the lifestyle of various individuals. Personality and self- concept Different people have different personalities. Depending on the situation an individual is said to posses’ different personality traits. Personality can be a great influence to a consumer while deciding to purchase a product. For example, a cosmetic company might discover that many prospectors show high self- confidence, dominance and beauty. This suggests designing the cosmetic advertisement to appeal to these traits. Marketers also try to develop brands images that match the target market’s self image. Consumers must decide whether to acquire, use or dispose of an offering. They may need to decide whether to spend or save their money when they earn extra cash. How much they decide to spend may be influenced by their perceptions of how much they recall spending in the past (Charles et al 2009, 127). Psychological factors How an individual chooses to buy a product is influenced by four major psychological factors namely: Motivation In a given period of time as an individual there are many needs that one has. There are theories that tend to explain more about human motivation. Some are as follows: Sigmund Freud motivation theory: This theory assumes that the psychological factors influencing individuals actions are mainly unaware, and that an individual cannot comprehensively appreciate his impulses, for instance the middle aged her highest level was cosmetic surgery this is to make her feel like she is still young and the lowest rank being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectabl e manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment (Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987, 17). Laddering is a method which can be used to accurately determine a person’s motivations that influence his behavior. Then marketing experts can make important strategic decisions that are involved with the design of messages that appeal to consumers. Maslow’s theory: This theory classifies needs into: psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self actualization needs with the highest level being self actualization needs. Maslow suggests that individuals will attempt to cater for their most important needs first. When an individual achieves certain needs within this hierarchy these needs will no longer motivate them and therefore will move forward to cater for other needs which motivate him most. Maslow’s theory assists marketers understand how plans, goals and motives are the main reason behind purchases made by co nsumers. Herzberg’s theory: â€Å"Fredrick Herzberg came up with the factor theory that differentiates issues causing discontent from the satisfiers therefore taking centre stage in determining human behavior† (Davis 1961, 45). Herzberg’s theory has two implications. First, sellers should do their best to avoid factors that bring about dissatisfaction. Secondly, the manufacturer should precisely identify satisfiers and therefore aim to incorporate them in production in order to motivate consumers to purchase his/her products. These satisfiers determination to formulate the key variation as to which product the customer buys. Perception It is the course of action by which an individual selects, organizes and understands information inputs to build a significant representation of the world. Perception depends not only on the nature of the stimuli but also on the immediate environment unto which the stimuli emanates from (Anderson and Narus 1990, 49). People can ap pear to have diverse perceptions of the similar product since there are three perceptual processes: selection attention, it’s where the person screens all that she/he sees and hears and pays interest simply to preferred ones, selective distortion, it’s the affinity to change information into exceptional meanings and understand the information in a way that determine to fit the consumers’ perceptions, selective retention; people will disregard much on what they learn however, they will be likely to hold on to the information that supports their attitudes and beliefs. Selective retention defines why marketers use presentation and repletion in delivering messages to their target market (Ford 1980, 344). Learning Learning it’s the changing of an individual’s performance though experience. Learning experts insist that learning occurs when different forms of stimuli are introduced within the environment to reinforce behavior and responses of individuals. Cues are slight stimuli are the main drivers that define behavior exhibited by individuals. Learning theory enables marketers formulate various forms of stimuli that are incorporated into marketing strategy with the main aim of influencing consumer behavior. Various cues are used by marketers to reinforce consumer behavior by designing marketing messages that can easily influence human behavior Beliefs and attitudes Through knowledge, people achieve beliefs and attitudes. Thus it influences their consumer behavior. A belief is a vivid notion that an individual holds concerning something. Beliefs may be based on facts, view or faith. Manufacturers are greatly responsive and concerned in the values people bear in their minds regarding their goods and services. These philosophies make up brand descriptions and associations that can lead consumers into displaying desired actions once consumers are exposed to a set of pre determined images. If a few viewpoints are mistaken and stall pur chase, the manufacture will want to initiate an operation to approve these beliefs. For example, the use of laser treatment for hair had a negative effect on the consumer; the manufacturer should launch another product that would not have the same effect to the consumers. An attitude is a set of favorable or unfavorable opinions/conclusions, about certain objects or ideas. Ethics play a major function in consumer behavior. Some consumers may want to avoid products made by factories with questionable labor practices (Halinen 1995). The Buying Decision Process These are: Problem recognition The buying procedure begins as soon as the buyer recognizes a difficulty or need. The demand can be triggered interior or exterior stimuli. In case of interior stimuli, an individual basic need arises to a verge level and becomes a drive. In case of exterior stimuli a want is aroused by peripheral stimuli. Information search Recommendations A manufacturer of goods and brands where group control is well-built must establish how to achieve and persuade the belief leaders have in these growths. A belief leader is someone in informal product connected to relations who offers information or informs regarding a precise product or product type. A marketer ought to contact opinions leaders by identifying demographic and psychological distinctiveness allied with opinion control, identifying the medium read by opinion leaders along with directing messages at them e.g. the firm are more responsible to advertise their services of tattooing and piercing to young adult in view of the fact that they are more to beauty than selling laser treatment for wrinkles which would be more valued by the old. Marketers should search for relationships between their products and lifestyle group, for example for a middle-aged she would prioritize her needs to cosmetic surgery this is to enable her to feel like she is still young and the lowest need being tattooing and piercing and since she is mature and she would like to present herself in a respectable manner she would only prioritize on cosmetic surgery, eye surgery and laser skin treatment. And The old lady, she would prioritized her options to eye surgery to avoid wearing glasses, followed by the laser skin treatments to prevent her from looking too old and avoid the wrinkles from appearing (Heide 1994, 74). Marketers should also try to develop brand images that match the target market’s self image, for instance setting up a laser treatment infirmary to an educational institution that’s full of students who range from 18 to 24 instead of body art facility for fashion or a cultural body art as a reflection of ethnicity. The marketer should have a selection attention that means marketers have to work hard to attract consumers’ notice, for instance through the first information that is acquired through the first sight, the package of the product should catch the attention of the consumer where the model advert ising the product should be appealing and the product should make sure that the aim of the achiever which is beauty should be noted on the product (BAC 2011, 13). References Anderson, J. and Narus, J., 1990. â€Å"A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, pp. 42-58. Anderson, P., 1982. â€Å"Marketing, Strategic Planning, and the Theory of the Firm.† Journal of Marketing, 46, 7–23. BAC, 2011. Cosmetic industry in Russian Federation: Business Report 2011. Moscow: Business Analytic Center (BAC). Charles, L. et al, 2009. Essentials of Marketing. Natorp Boulevard: Cengage Learning. Davis, K. R., 1961. Marketing Management: Text and Cases. 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New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Inc. Lancaster, G. Withey, F., 2006. Marketing Fundamentals’: CIM Course book. London: Oxford publishers. Porter, M., 1990. Competitive advantage, illustrated edn, Northampton, MA: Free Press. Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., 1992. â€Å"The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited.† Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, pp. 83-93. This report on Understanding of Buyers’ Behavior was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.