European History-The Later middle Ages Essay

Black last was a encrust that swept crossways europium in the 14th ampere- punt resulting in an irrevoc equal change to Europes unearthly structure which was exceedingly dominated by the Roman Catholic church building. Be aligns, Black Death resulted in bedevilment of minority groups such as Jews on not scarce grounds of phantasmal detestation plainly in like manner a way of attacking the church service service service or the kings who were perceived to protect them. This was heightened by feelings that the church as an institution had failed to provide kind guidance equally among all quite a little.The pope condemned the killings and tried to stop it exclusively to no avail resulting in renewed religious fanaticism and fervor a middle Black Plague. This resulted is weaken of the old connection amidst the ships comp each and the religion (Tuchman 20-50). The fact that the clergy were not able to banish or cure the disease and explain its causes resulted in cynic ism to struggled church. At the m of Black Death the Pope was found in France and was seen to have abandoned church slide byership for cut monarchy hence go away its people at the cadence of need.This heighten disillusionment among people to contendds the church and embraced few other religious outfits such as effectuate of Flagellants. Subsequently, as the disease caused death in monasteries, few years later there was a shortage of clergy. New clergy members replaced those who had died but did not have invigoration-long convictions hence resulting in more abuses and weakening of church coiffure in the society (Tuchman 50). 2. The Hundred old age War occurred in the years betwixt 1336 and 1453 and it was mostly between France and England.England traded with Flanders in modify of its fleece for wine in the southern France. This was a triangular-like trade in which side traded with France indirectly through Flanders. However, the king of France was persistently strug gling to regain witness over the wealth in Flanders as a result the English could not permit it go as it could have meant their moreover source of foreign exchange is gone. In these mis beneathstandings, a civil war stony-broke out whereby the English supported the manufacturing companies whereas the French supported land-owning nobility.Besides, the English had a visualize over duchy of Guienne in France. In this regard, great power Edward III became disappointed with office Phillip IVs broken obligation to restore a part of the Guienne to the English. Additionally, world power Phillip went against English wish and supported Scotland which savage England. This war became more complex as the right over the territorial control dynast conflict- was coupled with conflict over era of dope. For instance, King Edward III who had risen to the throne in 1327 could have claimed to succeed Charles IV of France after he died in 1328 without any heir.Some years later, King Edward declare himself the King of France to provoke France so that he keister attract resistance from them ( entirelymand 20-50). The war resulted in paradigm shift in terms of tactics, weapons, and technology employed in military war. For instance, the use of cavalry which by then was powerful machinery was abandoned for longbow. antithetical weapons introduced during the war include gunpowder and cannons. The war revealed the design to which royal authority in England could be questioned oddly in the succession lapse when King Edward III died.The niggards revolt in 1381 witnessed an become against the throne by peasants trail to the King (Richard III) giving in to their demands. The war rekindled patriotism and nationalism among the French nationals. The country modify from organism a feudal monarchy to being a fundamentalized state. Besides, the growth of French as a royal and duty phrase disappeared during the war (Anne 5-20). 3. It is in the 14th deoxycytidine monophos phate that majority of European countries experience some of the worst natural disasters and favorable upheavals. The first disaster is the teensy glass Age, a climatic disaster.During this period, epidemics, famine and sober rains became evident resulting in weakened outlandish productivity. The second natural disaster during the 14th century was The Black Death, a plague that nearly brought life to a affiliation in Europe. Social upheavals include the one C years war (1337-1450), internal church wrangles in the Catholic Church, and rise up of Islam militants. As a result of The Little Ice Age, France experienced heavy rains virtually 1315 that culminated into famine in the later years. All these disasters had a large impact on drastically reducing the overall nation of Europe as some individuals died.It is also important to note that a consider of minorities for instance Jew were killed or extradited for Europe especially during Black Death. It is also during this be at that the super dominant Catholic Church certain much criticism from the society. Additionally, the Church differed with the monarchy when taxes were compel on its officials resulting into Babylonian Exile. In 1377 amid the crisis, Pope Gregory XI re hardened to capital of Italy for Avignon, France (Tuchman 25-70). 4. In the 14th century, Italy like many other European countries experienced a visual sense of hardships economicly, socially, policy-makingly, and in religion.Besides, in the mid 14century, Italy undergone rebirth what is popularly referred to as metempsychosis. In the cities where the feudal system was not strong for instance in the northern frontier Venice, Florence, and Milan- a strong economical and policy-making atmosphere became dominant and their policy-making structure ruled surrounding regions impacting momentous crook over them. In the equivalent period, south of Italy became highly dominated by Papal administration especially in Rome. The ponti fical administration exerted a haulage of rivalry to the Northern cities as hearty as influencing to a large extent the Italian political science and lifestyles.During the 14th century, the political elite advocated for the principle of humanism by arguing that a person can achieve considerably while in this world in terms of politics and life among others. Therefore, the medieval perceptions that people had changed drastically as they geared towards showcasing their talents (Jackson 310-320). 5. In the ordinal century, the Roman Catholic had strong square off on the political and social life in most parts of Italy whereas Germany was under monarch rule. For instance, Germany was ruled mostly by the Habsburgs with power centering around trine houses of dynasty Habsburg, Wittelsbach, and Luxemburg.Therefore most parts of Germany were controlled by the emperor. It is also during the fourteenth century that Germany flourished although it was get by the Black Plague. In Italy the grandiloquent administration and secular lead was not totally in agreement in terms of managing economic resources and to develop central governments. Subsequently, around the year 1300, the well completed Holy Roman Empire failed to make its centralized form of governance across Europe resulting into war between different states such as the barbaric German tribes that invaded Italy. This culminated into having a power vacuum until in 1seventh century.In Italy for instance, the independence of some of its states in the North coupled with wrangles between the in the Papacy prevented realization of a strong centralized governance (Tuchman 50). 6. It is in the 14th century that the Church experienced faced difficult times and gradually lost its prestige and power in the society. The Church failed to provide moralistic and sacred guidance to the people and it can be explained in three distinct stages. counterbalance is the Avignon Papacy of 1305 to 1378. During the time pope wa s located in Avignon, France and officials were seen to monarchs puppet.They were corrupt, disregarded social morals, were left out in condemning the hundred years war, and failed in their responsibility during the Black Plague. A lot of groups also criticized the Church for owning wealth and plaza as this was against Gods tenet because Jesus owned nothing. Some people also claimed that Church should consist of members only and not be led by a single individual. At this time pontificate defended its righteousness persistently as well as attacking its critics but it is evident that papacy lost its moral authority and credibility to the people (Jackson 322).The second event that degraded credibility of papacy was the great schism of between 1378 and 1415. after(prenominal) Gregory XI died, the College of Cardinals in Rome was constrained by an angry Roman crowd to choose a pope of Italian origin. Urban VI was chosen and this instant after, French cardinals protested by fleeing Rome into Avignon where they chose other French pope as they claimed the preference was not free and fair. This culminated into having both papal administrations at Rome and at Avignon hence resulting in financial crisis. Besides, the notion that Church was autonomous from state and secular sanctions failed to be realized.Wrangles existed between the two centers of power starring(p) to excommunication claims by either of the side for receiving sacraments. Third is the Council of Pisa that met in 1408 and declarationd to elect(ip) a new pope thereby dismissing the two rival popes. They based this on the principle of conciliarism. However, this was not adhered to by the two rival popes and resulted in having three popes. This alter the matters more in regard to who had despotic power to elect pope leading to the Holy Roman emperor butterfly bread and butter the Conciliarists in holding another council to resolve the issue in 1415 (Jackson 323). . 7.The religious prison-brea king which occurred in the Church around eleventh century A. D. is what widely referred to as the dandy Schism. The Roman Catholic Church and the character Catholic also known Grecian Orthodox Church separated during the pperiod which lasted between 1378 and 1415. The acrimony between the western United States patriarchy in Rome and eastboundside patriarchates in Jerusalem, Antioch, Byzantium, and Alexandria was on of the cause. This was heightened more by language differences because the West spoke Latin whereas eastmost spoke Greek. Besides, the rift grew more when Emperor Constantine considered transferring the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Additionally, during the same time German tribes invaded Europe leading to political instability (Jackson 323). This political turmoil coupled with geographical distances and economic hardship lead to ultimate separation of West from the East. As a result it is only a few theologians from West who could speak the overriding Greek lang uage in the East. chat broke lose among the west and east clergy. There was decreased literacy in the West as compared to highly educated East populace. Thus the church had significant influence among the East populace.The clergy in the East was adequate of translating the Bible into local languages and with time it became good enough to establish self governance. The fact of the Great Schism was also a sign of failure in leadership among the church officials in the 14th century (Jackson 324). Works Cited Allmand, C. T. The hundred years war England and France at war, c. 1300-c. 1450. United realm Cambridge University Press, 1988. Anne Curry. The Hundred Years War. 2nd ed. UK Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Tuchman, Barbara W. A Distant Mirror. New York Knopf, 1978. Jackson, Spielvogel J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Cengage Learn